Notice of Addition of Documents and Information to OAL Notice File No. Z-07-0619-02, Amendment to Title 22, Section 12805, MADL for Reproductive Toxicity for Di(n-butyl)phthalate (DBP)

Notice of Addition of Documents and Information to OAL Notice File No. Z-07-0619-02 Amendment to Title 22, California Code of Regulations, Section 12805, Specific Regulatory Levels: Chemicals Causing Reproductive Toxicity

Proposition 65 Maximum Allowable Dose Level (MADL) for Reproductive Toxicity for Di(n-butyl)phthalate (DBP)

Pursuant to the requirements of Government Code sections 11346.8(d), 11346.9(a)(1), and 11347.1, the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) is providing notice that documents and other information which the agency has relied upon in proposing amendments to Title 22, California Code of Regulations, section 12805*, have been added to the rulemaking file and are available for public inspection and comment.

On June 29, 2007, OEHHA published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (California Regulatory Notice Register, 2007, No. 26-Z, pages 1123-1125; Notice File No. Z-07-0619-02) to adopt regulatory levels for DBP pursuant to Title 22, California Code of Regulations, section 12805.  The Initial Statement of Reasons set forth the grounds for the proposed regulation.  Pursuant to the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, a public comment period of 45 days was provided from the publication of the Notice until August 13, 2007.  A total of three sets of written comments were received.  These comments cited a number of publications that had not been previously included in the proposed rulemaking file (OAL Notice File No. Z-07-0619-02).  In addition, a number of research or review papers became available to OEHHA after the draft MADL document was completed.

The purpose of this notice is to enter all relevant documents into the proposed rulemaking file (OAL Notice File No. Z-07-0619-02).  All of the documents on the list below have been reviewed by OEHHA.  None of these documents contributed directly to the development of the MADLs and were thus not cited in the main text of the document supporting the MADL (OEHHA, 2007).  However, these papers have been reviewed by OEHHA and are sources of relevant information.

These documents are available for inspection at OEHHA’s Sacramento office located at 1001 “I” Street, 19th Floor, Sacramento, CA from December 7, 2007 through January 7, 2008, between the hours of 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m.  OEHHA will accept written comments regarding the documents and other information included in this notice.  All written comments must be submitted to OEHHA by e-mail, mail, fax, courier or hand-delivered, no later than 5:00 p.m. on January 7, 2008 and addressed to:

Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
Street Address: 1001 I Street, 19th Floor
Sacramento, CA 95814
Mailing Address: P.O. Box 4010
Sacramento, CA 95812
Fax No.:  (916) 323-8803  Telephone:  (916) 445-6900

Comments transmitted via email should be addressed to: P65Public.Comments@oehha.ca.gov

It is requested but not required that hard-copy statements or arguments be submitted in triplicate.  All written comments received by January 7, 2008, which pertain to the documents listed below will be reviewed and responded to by OEHHA’s staff as part of the compilation of the rulemaking file. 

Inquiries concerning the action described in this notice may be directed to Sam Delson in writing at the address given above, or by telephone at (916) 445-6900.

Documents and information added to Notice File No. Z-07-0619-02:

Adibi JJ, Perera FP, Jedrychowski W, Camann DE, Barr D, Jacek R, Whyatt RM (2003). Prenatal exposures to phthalates among women in New York City and Krakow, Poland. Environ Health Perspect 111, 1719-22.

Australian Department of Human Health and Aging (2007). Draft Human Health Hazard Assessment: Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP), (CAS No. 84-74-2) (April 2007). Submitted to OEHHA by the American Chemistry Council.  Available at http://www.nicnas.gov.au.

Bredhult C, Backlin BM, Olovsson M (2007). Effects of some endocrine disruptors on the proliferation and viability of human  endometrial endothelial cells in vitro. Reprod Toxicol 23,  550-9.

Chandolia RK, Luetjens CM, Wistuba J, Yeung CH, Nieschlag E, Simoni M (2006). Changes in endocrine profile and reproductive organs during puberty in the male marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus).  Reproduction 132, 355-63.

Clark BJ, Cochrum RK (2007).The steroidogenic acute regulatory protein as a target of endocrine disruption in male reproduction. Drug Metab Rev 39, 353-70.

Damgaard IN, Skakkebaek NE, Toppari J, Virtanen HE, Shen H, Schramm KW, Petersen JH, Jensen TK, Main KM (2006). Persistent pesticides in human breast milk and cryptorchidism. Environ Health Perspect 114, 1133-8.

Damgaard IN, Jensen TK, Petersen JH, Skakkebaek NE, Toppari J, Main KM (2007). Cryptorchidism and maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect 115, 272-7.

Franco A, Prevedouros K, Alli R, Cousins IT (2007). Comparison and analysis of different approaches for estimating the human exposure to phthalate esters. Environ Int 33, 283-91.

Frederiksen H, Skakkebaek NE, Andersson AM (2007). Metabolism of phthalates in humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 51,  899-911.

Fromme H, Bolte G, Koch HM, Angerer J, Boehmer S, Drexler H, Mayer R, Liebl B (2007). Occurrence and daily variation of phthalate metabolites in the urine of an adult  population. Int J Hyg Environ Health 210, 21-33.

Gaido KW, Hensley JB, Liu D, Wallace DG, Borghoff S, Johnson KJ, Hall SJ, Boekelheide K (2007). Fetal mouse phthalate exposure shows that Gonocyte multinucleation is not associated with decreased testicular testosterone. Toxicol Sci 97, 491-503.

Ge RS, Chen GR, Tanrikut C, Hardy MP (2007). Phthalate ester toxicity in Leydig cells: developmental timing and dosage considerations. Reprod Toxicol 23, 366-73.

Gray LE Jr, Ostby J, Furr J, Price M, Veeramachaneni DN, Parks L (2000). Perinatal exposure to the phthalates DEHP, BBP, and DINP, but not DEP, DMP, or DOTP, alters sexual differentiation of the male rat. Toxicol Sci 58, 350-65.

Gwinn MR, Whipkey DL, Tennant LB, Weston A (2007). Gene expression profiling of di-n-butyl phthalate in normal human mammary epithelial cells. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 26, 51-61.

Hallmark N, Walker M, McKinnell C, Mahood IK, Scott H, Bayne R, Coutts S, Anderson RA, Greig I, Morris K, Sharpe RM (2007). Effects of monobutyl and di(n-butyl) phthalate in vitro on steroidogenesis and Leydig cell aggregation in fetal testis explants from the rat: comparison with effects in vivo in the fetal rat and neonatal marmoset and in vitro in the human. Environ Health Perspect 115, 390-6.

Harvell DM, Strecker TE, Tochacek M, Xie B, Pennington KL, McComb RD, Roy SK, Shull JD (2000). Rat strain-specific actions of 17beta-estradiol in the mammary gland: correlation between estrogen-induced lobuloalveolar hyperplasia and susceptibility to estrogen-induced mammary cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97, 2779-84.

Hauser R, Meeker JD, Singh NP, Silva MJ, Ryan L, Duty S, Calafat AM (2007). DNA damage in human sperm is related to urinary levels of phthalate monoester and oxidative metabolites. Hum Reprod 22, 688-95.

Henke A, Luetjens CM, Simoni M, Gromoll J (2007). Chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit gene expression in the marmoset pituitary is controlled by steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1), early growth response protein 1 (Egr1) and pituitary homeobox factor 1 (Pitx1). Endocrinology 148(12):6062-72.

Holson RR, Freshwater L, Maurissen JP, Moser VC, Phang W (Epub2007). Statistical issues and techniques appropriate for developmental neurotoxicity testing.  A report from the ILSI Risk Science Institute Expert Panel on neurodevelopmental endpoints. Neurotoxicol Teratol, 2008 Jul-Aug;30(4):326-48.

Howdeshell KL, Furr J, Lambright CR, Rider CV, Wilson VS, Gray LE Jr (2007). Cumulative effects of dibutyl phthalate and diethylhexyl phthalate on male rat reproductive tract development: altered fetal steroid hormones and genes. Toxicol Sci 99, 190-202.

Huang PC, Kuo PL, Guo YL, Liao PC, Lee CC (2007). Associations between urinary phthalate monoesters and thyroid hormones in pregnant women. Hum Reprod 22, 2715-22.

Hutchison GR, Scott HM, Walker M, McKinnell C, Ferrara D, Mahood IK, Sharpe RM (2007). Sertoli Cell Development and Function in an Animal Model of Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome in the Rat. Biol Reprod 78(2):352-60.

Hutchison GR, Sharpe RM, Mahood IK, Jobling M, Walker M, McKinnell C, Mason JI, Scott HM (2007). The origins and time of appearance of focal testicular dysgenesis in an animal model of testicular dysgenesis syndrome: evidence for delayed testis development? Int J Androl 30, 1-7.

Itoh H, Yoshida K, Masunaga S (2007). Quantitative identification of unknown exposure pathways of phthalates based on measuring their metabolites in human urine. Environ Sci Technol 41, 4542-7.

Jackson EM (2007). Subungual Penetration of Dibutyl Phthalate in Human Fingernails. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 21, 10-4.

Janjua NR, Mortensen GK, Andersson AM, Kongshoj B, Skakkebaek NE, Wulf HC (2007). Systemic uptake of diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and butyl paraben following whole-body topical application and reproductive and thyroid hormone levels in humans. Environ Sci Technol 41, 5564-70.

Jiang J, Ma L, Yuan L, Wang X, Zhang W (2007). Study on developmental abnormalities in hypospadiac male rats induced by maternal exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP). Toxicology 232, 286-93.

Johnson KJ, Hensley JB, Kelso MD, Wallace DG, Gaido KW (2007). Mapping Gene Expression Changes in the Fetal Rat Testis Following Acute Dibutyl Phthalate Exposure Defines a Complex Temporal Cascade of Responding Cell Types. Biol Reprod

Kariagina A, Aupperlee MD, Haslam SZ (2007). Progesterone receptor isoforms and proliferation in the rat mammary gland during development. Endocrinology 148, 2723-36.

Koch HM, Becker K, Wittassek M, Seiwert M, Angerer J, Kolossa-Gehring M (2007). Di-n-butylphthalate and butylbenzylphthalate - urinary metabolite levels and estimated daily intakes: pilot study for the German Environmental Survey on children. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 17, 378-87.

Kuhl AJ, Ross SM, Gaido KW (2007). C/ebp {beta}, but not SF-1, modulates the phthalate-induced dysregulation of rat  fetal testicular steroidogenesis. Endocrinology 148(12):5851-64.

Kupper LL, Portier C, Hogan MD, Yamamoto E (1986).  The impact of litter effects on dose-response modeling in teratology. Biometrics 42, 85-98.

Lee BM, Koo HJ (2007). Hershberger assay for antiandrogenic effects of phthalates. J Toxicol Environ Health A 70, 1365-70.

Lee E, Ahn MY, Kim HJ, Kim IY, Han SY, Kang TS, Hong JH, Park KL, Lee BM, Kim HS (2007). Effect of di(n-butyl) phthalate on testicular oxidative damage and antioxidant enzymes in hyperthyroid rats. Environ Toxicol 22, 245-55.

Li LH, Donald JM, Golub MS (2005). Review on testicular development, structure, function, and regulation in common marmoset. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 74, 450-69.

Liu K, Lehmann KP, Sar M, Young SS, Gaido KW (2005). Gene expression profiling following in utero exposure to phthalate esters reveals new gene targets in the etiology of testicular dysgenesis. Biol Reprod 73, 180-92.

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Mahood IK, Scott HM, Brown R, Hallmark N, Walker M, Sharpe RM (2007). In utero exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate and testicular dysgenesis: comparison of fetal and adult endpoints and their dose-sensitivity. Environ Health Perspect 115 Suppl 1:55-61.

Main KM, Kiviranta H, Virtanen HE, Sundqvist E, Tuomisto JT, Tuomisto J, Vartiainen T, Skakkebaek NE, Toppari J (2007). Flame retardants in placenta and breast milk and cryptorchidism in newborn boys. Environ Health Perspect 115, 1519–1526.

Mnif W, Pascussi JM, Pillon A, Escande A, Bartegi A, Nicolas JC, Cavailles V, Duchesne MJ, Balaguer P (2007). Estrogens and antiestrogens activate hPXR. Toxicol Lett 170, 19-29.

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Plummer S, Sharpe RM, Hallmark N, Mahood IK, Elcombe C (2007). Time-dependent and compartment-specific effects of in utero exposure to Di(n-butyl) phthalate on gene/protein expression in the fetal rat testis as revealed by transcription profiling and laser capture microdissection. Toxicol Sci 97, 520-32.

Qiao L, Zheng L, Cai D (2007). [Study on the di-n-butyl phthalate and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate level of girl serum related with precocious puberty in Shanghai]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 36, 93-5.

Ritter L, Arbuckle TE (2007). Can exposure characterization explain concurrence or discordance between toxicology and epidemiology? Toxicol Sci 97, 241-52.

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Ryu JY, Lee BM, Kacew S, Kim HS (2007). Identification of differentially expressed genes in the testis of Sprague-Dawley rats treated with di(n-butyl) phthalate. Toxicology 234, 103-12.

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Sharpe RM (2005). Phthalate Exposure during Pregnancy and Lower Anogenital Index in Boys: Wider Implications for the General Population? Environ Health Perspect 113, A504-5.

Shultz VD, Phillips S, Sar M, Foster PM, Gaido KW (2001). Altered gene profiles in fetal rat testes after in utero exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate. Toxicol Sci 64, 233-42.

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Stahlhut RW, van Wijngaarden E, Dye TD, Cook S, Swan SH (2007). Concentrations of urinary phthalate metabolites are associated with increased waist circumference and insulin resistance in adult U.S. males. Environ Health Perspect 115, 876-82.

Su Y, Simmen FA, Xiao R, Simmen RC (2007). Expression profiling of rat mammary epithelial cells reveals candidate signaling  pathways in dietary protection from mammary tumors. Physiol Genomics 30, 8-16.

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Toppari J, Virtanen H, Skakkebaek NE, Main KM (2006). Environmental effects on hormonal regulation of testicular descent. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 102, 184-6.

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Wang Y, Song L, Hong X, Cui L, Zhang Z, Xiao H, Zhou J, Wang X (2006). Low concentrations mono-butyl phthalate stimulates steroidogenesis by facilitating steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression in mouse Leydig tumor cells (MLTC-1). Chem Biol Interact 164, 15-24.

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Wistuba J, Luetjens CM, Wesselmann R, Nieschlag E, Simoni M, Schlatt S (2006). Meiosis in autologous ectopic transplants of immature testicular tissue grafted to Callithrix jacchus. Biol Reprod 74, 706-13.

Zhang W, Shen H, Ma L, Shen B, Xu Z, Wang X (2007). Differential expression of peroxiredoxin 6 in fetal rat testis following in utero exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate. Toxicology 240, 86-95.

Footnotes and References

*All further references are to Title 22 of the California Code of Regulations, unless otherwise noted.